Striving for such unambiguous testing motivates research scientists to push the boundaries of precision bioprinting technologies. Information gleaned from arrays can then be compared to and contrasted with in vivo observations by computational analysis by compiling a database of single-cell array responses and utilizing advanced machine learning algorithms to perform data analytics and pattern recognition. Such improved platforms would provide in situ, multiplexed analysis of cell behavior and characteristics including morphology, biochemical state ( Burguera, Bitar, & Bruinink, 2010), biomechanical stresses, gene expression ( Vanneste et al., 2012), metabolism, and migration ( Zheng et al., 2012a, 2012b). However, integration of existing technologies with single-cell arrays, especially in the context of network arrays, would produce a synergistic platform that is greater than the sum of its parts. Standalone technology for high-throughput single-cell analysis currently exists. Chrisey, in 3D Bioprinting and Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (Second Edition), 2022 4.5.3 Next-Generation Single-Cell Arrays: Integrated, Computation-Driven AnalysisĪs single- cell arrays are generally compared against a combinatorial library of soluble cues or first-neighbor cells, computational tools could be used to predict or validate empirical data in next-generation platforms. The Power of CAD/CAM Laser Bioprinting at the Single-Cell Level: Evolution of Printing Alternatively, m can be either 8 (byte decoding), 16 (half-word decoding), or 32 (word decoding). In this case, one single bit is read from, or written into, the array. The number of selected outputs m depends on the memory organization: if the SRAM is fully decoded, m = 1. Thus, a total number of 2 N cells is present within the array, with N = K + L. It should be noticed that, if the row decoder receives a K-bit address and the column decoder gets an L-bit address, then the array contains 2 K rows and 2 L columns. Clearly, reducing the number of sense amplifiers is an advantage from the standpoint of power consumption, but, on the other hand, interposing too many pass transistors between the bit lines and the inputs of the sense amplifier could be detrimental to the accuracy of the readings. If the depth of the column decoder is too large, it may be worth interposing the sense amplifiers between a first partial column decoder, acting on the bit lines which carry analog signals, and a second column decoder, acting on the digital outputs of the sense amplifiers. The corresponding bit lines are then connected to the sense amplifier(s), which detect the stored information within the selected cells. The output multiplexer acts as a column decoder, and selects the appropriate bit, byte, or word. No mass is connected directly to any other mass and likewise for cells. All cells connect directly to masses, and all masses connect directly to cells or the endpoints. The connecting structures are assumed to have mass and are called masses. The array itself consists of the cells and the connecting structures between the cells. This is done by treating the cell as an input–output function, taking in the positions and velocities of the cell endpoints (right side and left side) and outputting the force at those endpoints. If the above cell criteria are met, internal dynamics of the cell can be decoupled from the dynamics of the array. Having more cells in series tends to give an array more displacement, more cells in parallel gives more force and higher robustness, and having a non-uniform structure can give higher force discretization and more fine-tuned control. The topology of the array is critical to determining the array's properties. Harry Asada, in Cellular Actuators, 2017 2.4.3 Connecting structuresĬell array actuators are collections of cells connected in various arrangements, or topologies, to provide the large-scale motion required of a muscle system. You can nest pairs of curly braces to create a nested cell array. You can then access and manipulate individual cells, subarrays of cells, or cell elements.īuilding Nested Arrays with Nested Curly Braces (Cells that contain noncell data are called leaf cells.) You can use nested curly braces, the cell function, or direct assignment statements to create nested cell arrays. Structures and Cell Arrays (Programming and Data Types) Programming and Data TypesĪ cell can contain another cell array, or even an array of cell arrays.
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